/r/ varies significantly across dialects.The exception to this tendency is initial /h/ from Arabic loans such as hakim ('judge'). Elsewhere it is a very light sound, and is frequently silent, as in hutan ~ utan ('forest'), sahut ~ saut ('answer'), indah ~ inda ('beautiful'). /h/ is pronounced clearly between like vowels, as in Pahang.In some words like terulang "being repeated" /ˈtərʔulaŋ/ that are derived from vowel-initial words with a prefix, the glottal stop is not reflected in writing. The glottal stop /ʔ/ may be represented by an apostrophe in Arabic derived words such as Al Qur'an./ t/ is dental in many varieties of Malay and in Indonesian.There is generally no liaison, that is, no audible release even when followed by a vowel in another word, as in kulit ubi ('tapioca skins'), though they are pronounced as a normal medial consonant when followed by a suffix. In syllable codas, they are usually unreleased, with final /k/ generally being realised as a glottal stop in native words. /p/, /t/, /k/ are unaspirated, as in the Romance languages, or as in English spy, sty, sky.Before 1972, this sound was written as ⟨th⟩ in Standard Malay (but not Indonesian). / θ/ is written ⟨s⟩ and transcribed into / s/.Before 1972, this sound was written as ⟨dh⟩ or ⟨dz⟩ in Standard Malay (but not Indonesian) / ð/ is written ⟨z⟩ and transcribed into / z/./ ɣ/ is written ⟨gh⟩ (used in Standard Malay, replaced by ⟨g⟩ in Indonesian).the glottal stop is written as a final ⟨k⟩ or an apostrophe ⟨'⟩./ ɲ/ is written ⟨ny⟩ before a vowel, ⟨n⟩ before ⟨c⟩ and ⟨j⟩.The sounds are represented orthographically by their symbols as above, except: Consonant phonemes of Standard Malay and Indonesian Some analyses list 19 "primary consonants" for Malay as the 18 symbols that are not in parentheses in the table as well as the glottal stop. Non-native consonants that only occur in borrowed words, principally from Arabic and English, are shown in parentheses. The consonants of Standard Malay (Malaysian and Bruneian) and also Indonesian are shown below. 'standard' in Malay/Indonesian), used in Indonesia and Singapore. There are two main standards for Malay pronunciation, the Johor-Riau standard, used in Brunei and Malaysia, and the Baku (lit. This article explains the phonology of Malay and Indonesian based on the pronunciation of Standard Malay, which is the official language of Brunei, Singapore and Malaysia, and Indonesian, which is the official language of Indonesia and a working language in Timor Leste. For the distinction between, / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).
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